The purpose of this study is to objectively quantify the degree of overcorrection in our current practice and to evaluate longitudinal morphological changes using CranioRate^TM, a novel machine learning skull morphology assessment tool.  Design:Retrospective cohort study across multiple time points. Tertiary care children's hospital. Patients with preoperative and postoperative CT scans who underwent fronto-orbital advancement (FOA) for metopic craniosynostosis. We evaluated preoperative, postoperative, and two-year follow-up skull morphology using CranioRate^TM to generate a Metopic Severity Score (MSS), a measure of degree of metopic dysmorphology, and Cranial Morphology Deviation (CMD) score, a measure of deviation from normal skull morphology. Fifty-five patients were included, average age at surgery was 1.3 years. Sixteen patients underwent follow-up CT imaging at an average of 3.1 years. Preoperative MSS was 6.3 ± 2.5 (CMD 199.0 ± 39.1), immediate postoperative MSS was -2.0 ± 1.9 (CMD 208.0 ± 27.1), and longitudinal MSS was 1.3 ± 1.1 (CMD 179.8 ± 28.1). MSS approached normal at two-year follow-up (defined as MSS = 0). There was a significant relationship between preoperative MSS and follow-up MSS (R²= 0.70). MSS quantifies overcorrection and normalization of head shape, as patients with negative values were less "metopic" than normal postoperatively and approached 0 at 2-year follow-up. CMD worsened postoperatively due to postoperative bony changes associated with surgical displacements following FOA. All patients had similar postoperative metopic dysmorphology, with no significant association with preoperative severity. More severe patients had worse longitudinal dysmorphology, reinforcing that regression to the metopic shape is a postoperative risk which increases with preoperative severity.

Achondroplasia, the most common chondrodysplasia in humans, is caused by one of two gain of function mutations localized in the transmembrane domain of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) leading to constitutive activation of FGFR3 and subsequent growth plate cartilage and bone defects. Phenotypic features of achondroplasia include macrocephaly with frontal bossing, midface hypoplasia, disproportionate shortening of the extremities, brachydactyly with trident configuration of the hand, and bowed legs. The condition is defined primarily on postnatal effects on bone and cartilage, and embryonic development of tissues in affected individuals is not well studied. Using the Fgfr3^Y367C/+ mouse model of achondroplasia, we investigated the developing chondrocranium and Meckel's cartilage (MC) at embryonic days (E)14.5 and E16.5. Sparse hand annotations of chondrocranial and MC cartilages visualized in phosphotungstic acid enhanced three-dimensional (3D) micro-computed tomography (microCT) images were used to train our automatic deep learning-based 3D segmentation model and produce 3D isosurfaces of the chondrocranium and MC. Using 3D coordinates of landmarks measured on the 3D isosurfaces, we quantified differences in the chondrocranium and MC of Fgfr3^Y367C/+ mice relative to those of their unaffected littermates. Statistically significant differences in morphology and growth of the chondrocranium and MC were found, indicating direct effects of this Fgfr3 mutation on embryonic cranial and pharyngeal cartilages, which in turn can secondarily affect cranial dermal bone development. Our results support the suggestion that early therapeutic intervention during cartilage formation may lessen the effects of this condition.

Accurate vertebral segmentation is an important step in imaging analysis pipelines for diagnosis and subsequent treatment of spinal metastases. Segmenting these metastases is especially challenging given their radiological heterogeneity. Conventional approaches for segmenting vertebrae have included manual review or deep learning; however, manual review is time-intensive with interrater reliability issues, while deep learning requires large datasets to build. The rise of generative AI, notably tools such as Meta's Segment Anything Model 2 (SAM 2), holds promise in its ability to rapidly generate segmentations of any image without pretraining (zero-shot). The authors of this study aimed to assess the ability of SAM 2 to segment vertebrae with metastases. A publicly available set of spinal CT scans from The Cancer Imaging Archive was used, which included patient sex, BMI, vertebral locations, types of metastatic lesion (lytic, blastic, or mixed), and primary cancer type. Ground-truth segmentations for each vertebra, derived by neuroradiologists, were further extracted from the dataset. SAM 2 then produced segmentations for each vertebral slice without any training data, all of which were compared to gold standard segmentations using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC). Relative performance differences were assessed across clinical subgroups using standard statistical techniques. Imaging data were extracted for 55 patients and 779 unique thoracolumbar vertebrae, 167 of which had metastatic tumor involvement. Across these vertebrae, SAM 2 had a mean volumetric DSC of 0.833 ± 0.053. SAM 2 performed significantly worse on thoracic vertebrae relative to lumbar vertebrae, female patients relative to male patients, and obese patients relative to non-obese patients. These results demonstrate that general-purpose segmentation models like SAM 2 can provide reasonable vertebral segmentation accuracy with no pretraining, with efficacy comparable to previously published trained models. Future research should include optimizations of spine segmentation models for vertebral location and patient body habitus, as well as for variations in imaging quality approaches.

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a fully automatic anatomical landmark localization and trajectory planning method for external ventricular drain (EVD) placement using CT or MRI. The authors used 125 preoperative CT and 137 contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI scans to generate 3D surface meshes of patients' skin and ventricular systems. Seven anatomical landmarks were manually annotated to train a neural network for automatic landmark localization. The model's accuracy was assessed by calculating the mean Euclidian distance of predicted landmarks to the ground truth. Kocher's point and EVD trajectories were automatically calculated with the foramen of Monro as the target. Performance was evaluated using Kakarla grades, as assessed by 3 clinicians. Interobserver agreement was measured with Pearson correlation, and scores were aggregated using majority voting. Ordinal linear regressions were used to assess whether modality or placement side had an effect on Kakarla grades. The impact of landmark localization error on the final EVD plan was also evaluated. The automated landmark localization model achieved a mean error of 4.0 mm (SD 2.6 mm). Trajectory planning generated a trajectory for all patients, with a Kakarla grade of 1 in 92.9% of cases. Statistical analyses indicated a strong interobserver agreement and no significant differences between modalities (CT vs MRI) or EVD placement sides. The location of Kocher's point and the target point were significantly correlated to nasion landmark localization error, with median drifts of 9.38 mm (95% CI 1.94-19.16 mm) and 3.91 mm (95% CI 0.18-26.76 mm) for Kocher's point and the target point, respectively. The presented method was efficient and robust for landmark localization and accurate EVD trajectory planning. The short processing time thereby also provides a base for use in emergency settings.

Due to the complex anatomical structure and dynamic involution process of the thymus, segmentation and evaluation of the thymus in medical imaging present significant challenges. The aim of this study is to develop a deep-learning tool "Thy-uNET" for automatic segmentation and measurement of the thymus or thymic region on chest CT imaging, and to validate its performance with multicenter data. Utilizing the segmentation and measurement results from two experts, training of Thy-uNET was conducted on training cohort (n = 500). The segmented regions include thymus or thymic region, and 7 features of the thymic region were measured. The automatic segmentation performance was assessed using Dice and Intersection over Union (IOU) on CT data from three test cohorts (n = 286). Spearman correlation analysis and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to evaluate the correlation and reliability of the automatic measurement results. Six radiologists with varying levels of experience were invited to participate in a reader study to assess the measurement performance of Thy-uNET and its ability to assist doctors. Thy-uNET demonstrated consistent segmentation performance across different subgroups, with Dice = 0.83 in the internal test set, and Dice = 0.82 in the external test sets. For automatic measurement of thymic features, Thy-uNET achieved high correlation coefficients and ICC for key measurements (R = 0.829 and ICC = 0.841 for CT attenuation measurement). Its performance was comparable to that of radiology residents and junior radiologists, with significantly shorter measurement time. Providing Thy-uNET measurements to readers reduced their measurement time and improved residents' performance in some thymic feature measurements. Thy-uNET can provide reliable automatic segmentation and automatic measurement information of the thymus or thymic region on routine CT, reducing time costs and improving the consistency of evaluations.

Accurate and robust segmentation of anatomical structures in brain MRI provides a crucial basis for the subsequent observation, analysis, and treatment planning of various brain diseases. Deep learning foundation models trained and designed on large-scale natural scene image datasets experience significant performance degradation when applied to subcortical brain structure segmentation in MRI, limiting their direct applicability in clinical diagnosis. This paper proposes a subcortical brain structure segmentation algorithm based on Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) to fine-tune SAM (Segment Anything Model) by freezing SAM's image encoder and applying LoRA to approximate low-rank matrix updates to the encoder's training weights, while also fine-tuning SAM's lightweight prompt encoder and mask decoder. The fine-tuned model's learnable parameters (5.92 MB) occupy only 6.39% of the original model's parameter size (92.61 MB). For training, model preheating is employed to stabilize the fine-tuning process. During inference, adaptive prompt learning with point or box prompts is introduced to enhance the model's accuracy for arbitrary brain MRI segmentation. This interactive prompt learning approach provides clinicians with a means of intelligent segmentation for deep brain structures, effectively addressing the challenges of limited data labels and high manual annotation costs in medical image segmentation. We use five MRI datasets of IBSR, MALC, LONI, LPBA, Hammers and CANDI for experiments across various segmentation scenarios, including cross-domain settings with inference samples from diverse MRI datasets and supervised fine-tuning settings, demonstrate the proposed segmentation algorithm's generalization and effectiveness when compared to current mainstream and supervised segmentation algorithms.

Traditional clinical diagnostic methods of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) have certain limitations, especially in the early stages. This study aims to develop and validate an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiomics-based machine learning classifier to accurately detect RBD patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Data from 183 subjects, including 63 PD patients with RBD, sourced from the PPMI database were utilized in this study. The data were randomly divided into training (70%) and testing (30%) sets. Quantitative radiomic features of white matter, gray matter, and cerebrospinal fluid were extracted from whole-brain structural MRI images. Feature reduction was performed on the training set data to construct radiomics signatures. Additionally, multi-factor logistic regression analysis identified clinical predictors associated with PD-RBD, and these clinical features were integrated with the radiomics signatures to develop predictive models using various machine learning algorithms. The model exhibiting the best performance was selected, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate its performance in both the training and testing sets. Furthermore, based on the optimal cut-off value of the model, subjects were categorized into low- and high-risk groups, and differences in the actual number of RBD patients between the two sets were compared to assess the clinical effectiveness of the model. The radiomics signatures achieved areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.754 and 0.707 in the training and testing sets, respectively. Multi-factor logistic regression analysis revealed that postural instability was an independent predictor of PD-RBD. The random forest model, which integrated radiomics signatures with postural instability, demonstrated superior performance in predicting PD-RBD. Specifically, its AUCs in the training and testing sets were 0.917 and 0.882, with sensitivities of 0.933 and 0.889, and specificities of 0.786 and 0.722, respectively. Based on the optimal cut-off value of 0.3772, significant differences in the actual number of PD-RBD patients were observed between low-risk and high-risk groups in both the training and testing sets (P < 0.05). MRI-based radiomic signatures have the potential to serve as biomarkers for PD-RBD. The random forest model, which integrates radiomic signatures with postural instability, and shows improved performance in identifying PD-RBD. This approach offers valuable insights for prognostic evaluation and preventive treatment strategies.

Traditional methods for measuring body composition in CT scans rely on labor-intensive manual delineation, which is time-consuming and imprecise. This study proposes a deep learning-driven framework, MCAUnet, for accurate and automated quantification of body composition and comprehensive survival analysis in cirrhotic patients. A total of 11,362 L3-level lumbar CT slices were collected to train and validate the segmentation model. The proposed model incorporates an attention mechanism from the channel perspective, enabling adaptive fusion of critical channel features. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach achieves an average Dice coefficient of 0.952 for visceral fat segmentation, significantly outperforming existing segmentation models. Based on the quantified body composition, sarcopenic visceral obesity (SVO) was defined, and an association model was developed to analyze the relationship between SVO and survival rates in cirrhotic patients. The study revealed that 3-year and 5-year survival rates of SVO patients were significantly lower than those of non-SVO patients. Regression analysis further validated the strong correlation between SVO and mortality in cirrhotic patients. In summary, the MCAUnet framework provides a novel, precise, and automated tool for body composition quantification and survival analysis in cirrhotic patients, offering potential support for clinical decision-making and personalized treatment strategies.

To improve the prediction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), this study categorized the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) into two types: immune-activated (IA), characterized by a high CD8 + score and high PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS), and non-immune-activated (NIA), encompassing all other conditions. We aimed to develop an MRI-based radiomics model to predict TIME types and validate its predictive capability for ICIs efficacy in HCC patients receiving anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. The study included 200 HCC patients who underwent preoperative/pretreatment multiparametric contrast-enhanced MRI (Cohort 1: 168 HCC patients with hepatectomy from two centres; Cohort 2: 42 advanced HCC patients on anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy). In Cohort 1, after feature selection, clinical, intratumoral radiomics, peritumoral radiomics, combined radiomics, and clinical-radiomics models were established using machine learning algorithms. In cohort 2, the clinical-radiomics model's predictive ability for ICIs efficacy was assessed. In Cohort 1, the AUC values for intratumoral, peritumoral, and combined radiomics models were 0.825, 0.809, and 0.868, respectively, in the internal validation set, and 0.73, 0.759, and 0.822 in the external validation set; the clinical-radiomics model incorporating neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, tumor size, and combined radiomics score achieved an AUC of 0.887 in the internal validation set, outperforming clinical model (P = 0.049), and an AUC of 0.837 in the external validation set. In cohort 2, the clinical-radiomics model stratified patients into low- and high-score groups, demonstrating a significant difference in objective response rate (p = 0.003) and progression-free survival (p = 0.031). The clinical-radiomics model is effective in predicting TIME types and efficacy of ICIs in HCC, potentially aiding in treatment decision-making.

Detecting liver tumors via computed tomography (CT) scans is a critical but labor-intensive task. Extensive expert annotations are needed to train effective machine learning models. This study presents an innovative approach that leverages federated learning in combination with a teacher‒student framework, an enhanced slice-aware network (SANet), and semisupervised learning (SSL) techniques to improve the CT-based liver tumor detection process while significantly reducing its labor and time costs. Federated learning enables collaborative model training to be performed across multiple institutions without sharing sensitive patient data, thus ensuring privacy and security. The teacher-student SANet framework takes advantage of both teacher and student models, with the teacher model providing reliable pseudolabels that guide the student model in a semisupervised manner. This method not only improves the accuracy of liver tumor detection but also reduces the dependence on extensively annotated datasets. The proposed method was validated through simulation experiments conducted in four scenarios, and it demonstrated a model accuracy of 83%, which represents an improvement over the original locally trained models. This study presents a promising method for enhancing the CT-based liver tumor detection while reducing the incurred labor and time costs by utilizing federated learning, the teacher-student SANet framework, and SSL techniques. Compared with previous approaches, the proposed method achieved a model accuracy of 83%, representing a significant improvement. Not applicable.