Multimodal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers complementary insights into brain structure and function, thereby improving the diagnostic accuracy of neurological disorders and advancing brain-related research. However, the widespread applicability of MRI is substantially limited by restricted scanner accessibility and prolonged acquisition times. Here, we present TUMSyn, a text-guided universal MRI synthesis model capable of generating brain MRI specified by textual imaging metadata from routinely acquired scans. We ensure the reliability of TUMSyn by constructing a brain MRI database comprising 31,407 3D images across 7 MRI modalities from 13 worldwide centers and pre-training an MRI-specific text encoder to process text prompts effectively. Experiments on diverse datasets and physician assessments indicate that TUMSyn-generated images can be utilized along with acquired MRI scan(s) to facilitate large-scale MRI-based screening and diagnosis of multiple brain diseases, substantially reducing the time and cost of MRI in the healthcare system.

The second-trimester ultrasound is a crucial tool in prenatal care, typically conducted between 18 and 24 weeks of gestation to evaluate fetal anatomy, growth, and mid-trimester screening. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the best practices and guidelines for performing this examination, with a focus on detecting fetal anomalies. The ultrasound assesses key structures and evaluates fetal growth by measuring biometric parameters, which are essential for estimating fetal weight. Additionally, the article discusses the importance of placental evaluation, amniotic fluid levels measurement, and the risk of preterm birth through cervical length measurements. Factors that can affect the accuracy of the scan, such as the skill of the operator, the quality of the equipment, and maternal conditions such as obesity, are discussed. The article also addresses the limitations of the procedure, including variability in detection. Despite these challenges, the second-trimester ultrasound remains a valuable screening and diagnostic tool, providing essential information for managing pregnancies, especially in high-risk cases. Future directions include improving imaging technology, integrating artificial intelligence for anomaly detection, and standardizing ultrasound protocols to enhance diagnostic accuracy and ensure consistent prenatal care.

This comprehensive review examines the current state and evolution of artificial intelligence applications in colorectal cancer detection through medical imaging from 2019 to 2025. The study presents a quantitative analysis of 110 high-quality publications and 9 publicly accessible medical image datasets used for training and validation. Various convolutional neural network architectures-including ResNet (40 implementations), VGG (18 implementations), and emerging transformer-based models (12 implementations)-for classification, object detection, and segmentation tasks are systematically categorized and evaluated. The investigation encompasses hyperparameter optimization techniques utilized to enhance model performance, with particular focus on genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization approaches. The role of explainable AI methods in medical diagnosis interpretation is analyzed through visualization techniques such as Grad-CAM and SHAP. Technical limitations, including dataset scarcity, computational constraints, and standardization challenges, are identified through trend analysis. Research gaps in current methodologies are highlighted through comparative assessment of performance metrics across different architectural implementations. Potential future research directions, including multimodal learning and federated learning approaches, are proposed based on publication trend analysis. This review serves as a comprehensive reference for researchers in medical image analysis and clinical practitioners implementing AI-based colorectal cancer detection systems.

Class imbalance and the difficulty imbalance are the two types of data imbalance that affect the performance of neural networks in medical segmentation tasks. In class imbalance the loss is dominated by the majority classes and in difficulty imbalance the loss is dominated by easy to classify pixels. This leads to an ineffective training. Dice loss, which is based on a geometrical metric, is very effective in addressing the class imbalance compared to the cross entropy (CE) loss, which is adopted directly from classification tasks. To address the difficulty imbalance, the common approach is employing a re-weighted CE loss or a modified Dice loss to focus the training on difficult to classify areas. The existing modification methods are computationally costly and with limited success. In this study we propose a simple modification to the Dice loss with minimal computational cost. With a pixel level modulating term, we take advantage of the effectiveness of Dice loss in handling the class imbalance to also handle the difficulty imbalance. Results on three commonly used medical segmentation tasks show that the proposed Pixel-wise Modulated Dice loss (PM Dice loss) outperforms other methods, which are designed to tackle the difficulty imbalance problem.

Shortcut learning undermines model generalization to out-of-distribution data. While the literature attributes shortcuts to biases in superficial features, we show that imbalances in the semantic distribution of sample embeddings induce spurious semantic correlations, compromising model robustness. To address this issue, we propose SCISSOR (Semantic Cluster Intervention for Suppressing ShORtcut), a Siamese network-based debiasing approach that remaps the semantic space by discouraging latent clusters exploited as shortcuts. Unlike prior data-debiasing approaches, SCISSOR eliminates the need for data augmentation and rewriting. We evaluate SCISSOR on 6 models across 4 benchmarks: Chest-XRay and Not-MNIST in computer vision, and GYAFC and Yelp in NLP tasks. Compared to several baselines, SCISSOR reports +5.3 absolute points in F1 score on GYAFC, +7.3 on Yelp, +7.7 on Chest-XRay, and +1 on Not-MNIST. SCISSOR is also highly advantageous for lightweight models with ~9.5% improvement on F1 for ViT on computer vision datasets and ~11.9% for BERT on NLP. Our study redefines the landscape of model generalization by addressing overlooked semantic biases, establishing SCISSOR as a foundational framework for mitigating shortcut learning and fostering more robust, bias-resistant AI systems.

In recent years, different Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) approaches have been applied for image classification in general and specific problems such as breast cancer diagnosis, but there is no standardising approach to facilitate comparison and synergy. This paper attempts a step-by-step approach to standardise a common application of image classification with the specific problem of classifying breast ultrasound images for breast cancer diagnosis as an illustrative example. In this study, three distinct datasets: Breast Ultrasound Image (BUSI), Breast Ultrasound Image (BUI), and Ultrasound Breast Images for Breast Cancer (UBIBC) datasets have been used to build and fine-tune custom and pre-trained CNN models systematically. Custom CNN models have been built, and hence, transfer learning (TL) has been applied to deploy a broad range of pre-trained models, optimised by applying data augmentation techniques and hyperparameter tuning. Models were trained and tested in scenarios involving limited and large datasets to gain insights into their robustness and generality. The obtained results indicated that the custom CNN and VGG19 are the two most suitable architectures for this problem. The experimental results highlight the significance of employing an effective step-by-step approach in image classification tasks to enhance the robustness and generalisation capabilities of CNN-based classifiers.

BackgroundArtificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly changing the legal landscape of radiology. Results from a previous experiment suggested that providing AI error rates can reduce perceived radiologist culpability, as judged by mock jury members (4). The current study advances this work by examining whether the radiologists behavior also impacts perceptions of liability. Methods. Participants (n=282) read about a hypothetical malpractice case where a 50-year-old who visited the Emergency Department with acute neurological symptoms received a brain CT scan to determine if bleeding was present. An AI system was used by the radiologist who interpreted imaging. The AI system correctly flagged the case as abnormal. Nonetheless, the radiologist concluded no evidence of bleeding, and the blood-thinner t-PA was administered. Participants were randomly assigned to either a 1.) single-read condition, where the radiologist interpreted the CT once after seeing AI feedback, or 2.) a double-read condition, where the radiologist interpreted the CT twice, first without AI and then with AI feedback. Participants were then told the patient suffered irreversible brain damage due to the missed brain bleed, resulting in the patient (plaintiff) suing the radiologist (defendant). Participants indicated whether the radiologist met their duty of care to the patient (yes/no). Results. Hypothetical jurors were more likely to side with the plaintiff in the single-read condition (106/142, 74.7%) than in the double-read condition (74/140, 52.9%), p=0.0002. Conclusion. This suggests that the penalty for disagreeing with correct AI can be mitigated when images are interpreted twice, or at least if a radiologist gives an interpretation before AI is used.

To apply machine learning (ML) to measure the Norberg angle (NA) on canine ventrodorsal hip-extended pelvic radiographs. In this observational study, an NA-AI model was trained on real and synthetic radiographs. Additional radiographs were used for validation and testing. Each NA was predicted using a hybrid architecture derived from 2 ML vision models. The NAs were measured by 4 authors, and the model all were compared to each other. The time taken to correct the NAs predicted by the model was compared to unassisted human measurements. The NA-AI model was trained on 733 real and 1,474 synthetic radiographs; 105 real radiographs were used for validation and 128 for testing. The mean absolute error between each human measurement ranged from 3° to 10° ± SD = 3° to 10° with an intraclass correlation between humans of 0.38 to 0.92. The mean absolute error between the NA-AI model prediction and the human measurements was 5° to 6° ± SD = 5° (intraclass correlation, 0.39 to 0.94). Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement between human and AI measurements when the NAs were greater than 80°. The time taken to check the accuracy of the NA measurement compared to unassisted measurements was reduced by 45% to 80%. The NA-AI model proved more accurate than the original model except when the hip dysplasia was severe, and its assistance decreased the time needed to analyze radiographs. The assistance of the NA-AI model reduces the time taken for radiographic hip analysis for clinical applications. However, it is less reliable in cases involving severe osteoarthritic change, requiring manual review for such cases.

The molecular profiling of gliomas for isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations currently relies on resected tumor samples, highlighting the need for non-invasive, preoperative biomarkers. We investigated the integration of glioma polygenic risk scores (PRS) and radiographic features for prediction of IDH mutation status. We used 256 radiomic features, a glioma PRS and demographic information in 158 glioma cases within elastic net and neural network models. The integration of glioma PRS with radiomics increased the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for distinguishing IDH-wildtype vs. IDH-mutant glioma from 0.83 to 0.88 (P_ΔAUC = 6.9 × 10^-5) in the elastic net model and from 0.91 to 0.92 (P_ΔAUC = 0.32) in the neural network model. Incorporating age at diagnosis and sex further improved the classifiers (elastic net: AUC = 0.93, neural network: AUC = 0.93). Patients predicted to have IDH-mutant vs. IDH-wildtype tumors had significantly lower mortality risk (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.08-0.40, P = 2.1 × 10^-5), comparable to prognostic trajectories for biopsy-confirmed IDH status. The augmentation of imaging-based classifiers with genetic risk profiles may help delineate molecular subtypes and improve the timely, non-invasive clinical assessment of glioma patients.