Medical image segmentation plays an important role in medical diagnosis and treatment. Most recent medical image segmentation methods are based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) or Transformer model. However, CNN-based methods are limited by locality, whereas Transformer-based methods are constrained by the quadratic complexity of attention computations. Alternatively, the state-space model-based Mamba architecture has garnered widespread attention owing to its linear computational complexity for global modeling. However, Mamba and its variants are still limited in their ability to extract local receptive field features. To address this limitation, we propose a novel residual spatial state-space (RSSS) block that enhances spatial feature extraction by integrating global and local representations. The RSSS block combines the Mamba module for capturing global dependencies with a receptive field attention convolution (RFAC) module to extract location-sensitive local patterns. Furthermore, we introduce a residual adjust strategy to dynamically fuse global and local information, improving spatial expressiveness. Based on the RSSS block, we design a U-shaped SA-UMamba segmentation framework that effectively captures multi-scale spatial context across different stages. Experiments conducted on the Synapse, ISIC17, ISIC18 and CVC-ClinicDB datasets validate the segmentation performance of our proposed SA-UMamba framework.

Approaches studying the dynamics of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) activity often focus on time-resolved functional connectivity (tr-FC). While many tr-FC approaches have been proposed, most are linear approaches, e.g. computing the linear correlation at a timestep or within a window. In this work, we propose to use a generative non-linear deep learning model, a disentangled variational autoencoder (DSVAE), that factorizes out window-specific (context) information from timestep-specific (local) information. This has the advantage of allowing our model to capture differences at multiple temporal scales. We find that by separating out temporal scales our model's window-specific embeddings, or as we refer to them, context embeddings, more accurately separate windows from schizophrenia patients and control subjects than baseline models and the standard tr-FC approach in a low-dimensional space. Moreover, we find that for individuals with schizophrenia, our model's context embedding space is significantly correlated with both age and symptom severity. Interestingly, patients appear to spend more time in three clusters, one closer to controls which shows increased visual-sensorimotor, cerebellar-subcortical, and reduced cerebellar-visual functional network connectivity (FNC), an intermediate station showing increased subcortical-sensorimotor FNC, and one that shows decreased visual-sensorimotor, decreased subcortical-sensorimotor, and increased visual-subcortical domains. We verify that our model captures features that are complementary to - but not the same as - standard tr-FC features. Our model can thus help broaden the neuroimaging toolset in analyzing fMRI dynamics and shows potential as an approach for finding psychiatric links that are more sensitive to individual and group characteristics.

This work aims to promote early and accurate diagnosis of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) by developing state-of-the-art deep learning techniques, with the goal of minimizing the consequences of epilepsy on individuals and society. Current approaches for TLE detection have drawbacks, including applicability to particular MRI sequences, moderate ability to determine the side of the onset zones, and weak cross-validation with different patient groups, which hampers their practical use. To overcome these difficulties, a new Hybrid Attention-Enhanced Transformer Network (HAETN) is introduced for early TLE diagnosis. This approach uses newly developed Fuzzy-AAL Segmentation Framework (FASF) which is a combination of Fuzzy Possibilistic C-Means (FPCM) algorithm for segmentation of tissue and AAL labelling for labelling of tissues. Furthermore, an effective feature selection method is proposed using the Dipper- grey wolf optimization (DGWO) algorithm to improve the performance of the proposed model. The performance of the proposed method is thoroughly assessed by accuracy, sensitivity, and F1-score. The performance of the suggested approach is evaluated on the Temporal Lobe Epilepsy-UNAM MRI Dataset, where it attains an accuracy of 98.61%, a sensitivity of 99.83%, and F1-score of 99.82%, indicating its efficiency and applicability in clinical practice.

Lung cancer, one of the most lethal malignancies globally, often presents insidiously as pulmonary nodules. Its nonspecific clinical presentation and heterogeneous imaging characteristics hinder accurate differentiation between benign and malignant lesions, while biopsy's invasiveness and procedural constraints underscore the critical need for non-invasive early diagnostic approaches. In this retrospective study, we analyzed outpatient and inpatient records from the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital between 2011 and 2021, focusing on pulmonary nodules measuring 5-30mm on CT scans without overt signs of malignancy. Pathological examination served as the reference standard. Comparative experiments evaluated SVM, RF, XGBoost, FNN, and Atten_FNN using five-fold cross-validation to assess AUC, sensitivity, and specificity. The dataset was split 70%/30%, and stratified five-fold cross-validation was applied to the training set. The optimal model was interpreted with SHAP to identify the most influential predictive features. This study enrolled 3355 patients, including 1156 with benign and 2199 with malignant pulmonary nodules. The Atten_FNN model demonstrated superior performance in five-fold cross-validation, achieving an AUC of 0.82, accuracy of 0.75, sensitivity of 0.77, and F1 score of 0.80. SHAP analysis revealed key predictive factors: demographic variables (age, sex, BMI), CT-derived features (maximum nodule diameter, morphology, density, calcification, ground-glass opacity), and laboratory biomarkers (neuroendocrine markers, carcinoembryonic antigen). This study integrates electronic medical records and pathology data to predict pulmonary nodule malignancy using machine/deep learning models. SHAP-based interpretability analysis uncovered key clinical determinants. Acknowledging limitations in cross-center generalizability, we propose the development of a multimodal diagnostic systems that combines CT imaging and radiomics, to be validated in multi-center prospective cohorts to facilitate clinical translation. This framework establishes a novel paradigm for early precision diagnosis of lung cancer.

Currently, there are inconsistencies among different studies on preoperative prediction of Cytokeratin 19 (CK19) expression in HCC using traditional imaging, radiomics, and deep learning. We aimed to systematically analyze and compare the performance of non-invasive methods for predicting CK19-positive HCC, thereby providing insights for the stratified management of HCC patients. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from inception to February 2025. Two investigators independently screened and extracted data based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eligible studies were included, and key findings were summarized in tables to provide a clear overview. Ultimately, 22 studies involving 3395 HCC patients were included. 72.7% (16/22) focused on traditional imaging, 36.4% (8/22) on radiomics, 9.1% (2/22) on deep learning, and 54.5% (12/22) on combined models. The magnetic resonance imaging was the most commonly used imaging modality (19/22), and over half of the studies (12/22) were published between 2022 and 2025. Moreover, 27.3% (6/22) were multicenter studies, 36.4% (8/22) included a validation set, and only 13.6% (3/22) were prospective. The area under the curve (AUC) range of using clinical and traditional imaging was 0.560 to 0.917. The AUC ranges of radiomics were 0.648 to 0.951, and the AUC ranges of deep learning were 0.718 to 0.820. Notably, the AUC ranges of combined models of clinical, imaging, radiomics and deep learning were 0.614 to 0.995. Nevertheless, the multicenter external data were limited, with only 13.6% (3/22) incorporating validation. The combined model integrating traditional imaging, radiomics and deep learning achieves excellent potential and performance for predicting CK19 in HCC. Based on current limitations, future research should focus on building an easy-to-use dynamic online tool, combining multicenter-multimodal imaging and advanced deep learning approaches to enhance the accuracy and robustness of model predictions.

Non-contrast Computed Tomography (NCCT) quickly diagnoses acute cerebral hemorrhage or infarction. However, Deep-Learning (DL) algorithms often generate false alarms (FA) beyond the cerebral region. We introduce an enhanced brain tissue segmentation method for infarction lesion segmentation (ILS). This method integrates an adaptive result fusion strategy to confine the search operation within cerebral tissue, effectively reducing FAs. By leveraging fused brain masks, DL-based ILS algorithms focus on pertinent radiomic correlations. Various U-Net models underwent rigorous training, with exploration of diverse fusion strategies. Further refinement entailed applying a 9x9 Gaussian filter with unit standard deviation followed by binarization to mitigate false positives. Performance evaluation utilized Intersection over Union (IoU) and Hausdorff Distance (HD) metrics, complemented by external validation on a subset of the COCO dataset. Our study comprised 20 ischemic stroke patients (14 males, 4 females) with an average age of 68.9 ± 11.7 years. Fusion with UNet2+ and UNet3 + yielded an IoU of 0.955 and an HD of 1.33, while fusion with U-net, UNet2 + , and UNet3 + resulted in an IoU of 0.952 and an HD of 1.61. Evaluation on the COCO dataset demonstrated an IoU of 0.463 and an HD of 584.1 for fusion with UNet2+ and UNet3 + , and an IoU of 0.453 and an HD of 728.0 for fusion with U-net, UNet2 + , and UNet3 + . Our adaptive fusion strategy significantly diminishes FAs and enhances the training efficacy of DL-based ILS algorithms, surpassing individual U-Net models. This methodology holds promise as a versatile, data-independent approach for cerebral lesion segmentation.

Thoracic diseases, including pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer, and others, pose significant health risks and require timely and accurate diagnosis to ensure proper treatment. Thus, in this research, a model for thorax disease classification using Chest X-rays is proposed by considering deep learning model. The input is pre-processed by resizing, normalizing pixel values, and applying data augmentation to address the issue of imbalanced datasets and improve model generalization. Significant features are extracted from the images using an Enhanced Auto-Encoder (EnAE) model, which combines a stacked auto-encoder architecture with an attention module to enhance feature representation and classification accuracy. To further improve feature selection, we utilize the Chaotic Whale Optimization (ChWO) Algorithm, which optimally selects the most relevant attributes from the extracted features. Finally, the disease classification is performed using the novel Improved Swin Transformer (IMSTrans) model, which is designed to efficiently process high-dimensional medical image data and achieve superior classification performance. The proposed EnAE + ChWO+IMSTrans model for thorax disease classification was evaluated using extensive Chest X-ray datasets and the Lung Disease Dataset. The proposed method demonstrates enhanced Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F-Score, MCC and MAE of 0.964, 0.977, 0.9845, 0.964, 0.9647, and 0.184 respectively indicating the reliable and efficient solution for thorax disease classification.

To enhance glioma segmentation, a 3D-MRI intelligent glioma segmentation method based on deep learning is introduced. This method offers significant guidance for medical diagnosis, grading, and treatment strategy selection. Glioma case data were sourced from the BraTS2023 public dataset. Firstly, we preprocess the dataset, including 3D clipping, resampling, artifact elimination and normalization. Secondly, in order to enhance the perception ability of the network to different scale features, we introduce the space pyramid pool module. Then, by making the model focus on glioma details and suppressing irrelevant background information, we propose a multi-scale fusion attention mechanism; And finally, to address class imbalance and enhance learning of misclassified voxels, a combination of Dice and Focal loss functions was employed, creating a loss function, this method not only maintains the accuracy of segmentation, It also improves the recognition of challenge samples, thus improving the accuracy and generalization of the model in glioma segmentation. Experimental findings reveal that the enhanced 3D U-Net network model stabilizes training loss at 0.1 after 150 training iterations. The refined model demonstrates superior performance with the highest DSC, Recall, and Precision values of 0.7512, 0.7064, and 0.77451, respectively. In Whole Tumor (WT) segmentation, the Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC), Recall, and Precision scores are 0.9168, 0.9426, and 0.9375, respectively. For Core Tumor (TC) segmentation, these scores are 0.8954, 0.9014, and 0.9369, respectively. In Enhanced Tumor (ET) segmentation, the method achieves DSC, Recall, and Precision values of 0.8674, 0.9045, and 0.9011, respectively. The DSC, Recall, and Precision indices in the WT, TC, and ET segments using this method are the highest recorded, significantly enhancing glioma segmentation. This improvement bolsters the accuracy and reliability of diagnoses, ultimately providing a scientific foundation for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Despite significant progress in applying large language models (LLMs) to the medical domain, several limitations still prevent them from practical applications. Among these are the constraints on model size and the lack of cohort-specific labeled datasets. In this work, we investigated the potential of improving a lightweight LLM, such as Llama 3.1-8B, through fine-tuning with datasets using synthetic labels. Two tasks are jointly trained by combining their respective instruction datasets. When the quality of the task-specific synthetic labels is relatively high (e.g., generated by GPT4-o), Llama 3.1-8B achieves satisfactory performance on the open-ended disease detection task, with a micro F1 score of 0.91. Conversely, when the quality of the task-relevant synthetic labels is relatively low (e.g., from the MIMIC-CXR dataset), fine-tuned Llama 3.1-8B is able to surpass its noisy teacher labels (micro F1 score of 0.67 v.s. 0.63) when calibrated against curated labels, indicating the strong inherent underlying capability of the model. These findings demonstrate the potential offine-tuning LLMs with synthetic labels, offering a promising direction for future research on LLM specialization in the medical domain.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a crucial diagnostic tool in medicine, widely used to detect and assess various health conditions. Different MRI sequences, such as T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and FLAIR, serve distinct roles by highlighting different tissue characteristics and contrasts. However, distinguishing them based solely on the description file is currently impossible due to confusing or incorrect annotations. Additionally, there is a notable lack of effective tools to differentiate these sequences. In response, we developed a deep learning-based toolkit tailored for small, unrefined MRI datasets. This toolkit enables precise sequence classification and delivers performance comparable to systems trained on large, meticulously curated datasets. Utilizing lightweight model architectures and incorporating a voting ensemble method, the toolkit enhances accuracy and stability. It achieves a 99% accuracy rate using only 10% of the data typically required in other research. The code is available at https://github.com/JinqianPan/MRISeqClassifier.