Artificial Intelligence for Noninvasive Health Diagnostics.
Authors
Affiliations (8)
Affiliations (8)
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, CSMSS Chh. Shahu College of Engineering, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar 431011, Maharashtra, India.
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, CSMSS Chh. Shahu College of Engineering, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar 431011, Maharashtra, India.
- Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Nagpur 440035, Maharashtra, India.
- Prestige Institute of Engineering Management & Research, Indore 452010, Madhya Pradesh, India.
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ramdeobaba University, Nagpur 440013, India.
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
- Life Science Technology (LiST) Group, Fakultät Medizin/Zahnmedizin, Danube Private University, Steiner Landstraße 124, Krems-Stein 3500, Austria.
Abstract
Noninvasive diagnostic approaches are essential for early detection, patient compliance, and reduction of healthcare burden, yet they often face limitations in sensitivity, specificity, and timely interpretation. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) address these gaps by uncovering complex patterns in diverse data streams and, in some instances, transforming diagnostics from isolated, ad hoc assessments into continuous, real-time monitoring. This review explores the integration of AI/ML across key noninvasive platforms, including medical imaging, wearable sensors, breath analysis, biofluid-based diagnostics (saliva, sweat, urine), and optical sensing methods. It synthesizes the current state of these technologies while highlighting emerging directions such as federated learning, explainable AI, digital twins, and the incorporation of nanosensors. Alongside technological advances, this review critically discusses barriers to adoption, including data privacy, algorithmic fairness, regulatory hurdles, and system integration challenges. By providing a comprehensive, modality-wise perspective, this article aims to guide researchers, clinicians, healthcare professionals, and policymakers in understanding both the promise and the practical limitations of AI-assisted noninvasive diagnostics. Ultimately, it offers a roadmap for translating innovation into scalable, cost-effective, and patient-centered solutions that can broaden healthcare access and improve outcomes globally.