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Spinal cord reserve is associated with multi-dimensional clinical resilience in multiple sclerosis.

June 17, 2026pubmed logopapers

Authors

Willems S,D'hooghe MB,Sastre-Garriga J,Pareto D,Sima DM,Mongay-Ochoa N,Della Faille L,Liseune A,Nagels G,Van Remoortel A,Van Schependom J,D'Haeseleer M

Affiliations (11)

  • National Multiple Sclerosis Center, Vanheylenstraat 16, 1820, Melsbroek, Belgium.
  • Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
  • NEUR Research Group, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
  • Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
  • Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
  • Icometrix, Leuven, Belgium.
  • AIMS Research Group, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
  • ETRO Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
  • National Multiple Sclerosis Center, Vanheylenstraat 16, 1820, Melsbroek, Belgium. [email protected].
  • Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. [email protected].
  • NEUR Research Group, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. [email protected].

Abstract

Spinal canal area (SCaA)-a proxy for maximal lifetime spinal cord growth-has recently been associated with concurrent disability and future worsening in multiple sclerosis (MS). Prior studies focused mainly on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). This study evaluates whether SCaA also relates to broader clinical outcomes. We performed a retrospective longitudinal study at the Belgian National MS Center. SCaA and spinal cord area (SCoA) were quantified on 714 brain MRI scans from 426 patients with MS using newly developed deep learning models. Two approaches were applied at C2-C3: averaging values across the entire spinal segment (method 1) or across 10 slices centered on the intervertebral disc (method 2). Disability measures included the EDSS, Timed 25‑Foot Walk Test (T25FWT), 9‑Hole Peg Test (9HPT), and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). Associations of SCaA with concurrent disability and longitudinal change were assessed using multivariable regression. Mean SCaA and SCoA were 209.6 ± 32.9 mm<sup>2</sup> and 62.7 ± 9.0 mm<sup>2</sup> (method 1) and 203.5 ± 35.0 mm<sup>2</sup> and 61.5 ± 9.8 mm<sup>2</sup> (method 2), respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.95 for SCaA, and 0.97 for SCoA. A larger SCaA was significantly associated with lower concurrent EDSS, T25FWT, and 9HPT, but not with SDMT scores. Smaller SCaA values predicted worsening of EDSS, T25FWT and 9HPT scores after approximately 6 years. Smaller SCaA is associated with greater clinical disability and future deterioration across multiple functional domains in MS. Our findings support the emerging concept of spinal cord reserve.

Topics

Spinal CordMultiple SclerosisJournal Article

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