Using Deep Learning to Simultaneously Reduce Noise and Motion Artifacts in Brain MR Imaging.
Authors
Affiliations (5)
Affiliations (5)
- Department of Radiology, Advanced Imaging Center YAESU Clinic, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Radiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Radiological Technology, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
Abstract
To reduce motion artifacts (MA) and noise in brain MRI using deep learning to promote clinical utility. T1-weighted (T1W), T2-weighted (T2W), and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images of the brain (including sagittal, coronal, and axial sections) of 20 healthy volunteers were collected using a 3.0T MR system. Simulated images with horizontal and vertical phase directions exhibiting varying white noise and MA (n = 115200) were created for each sequence and trained in deep learning (36000 pairs), validation (200 pairs), and testing (200 pairs, 2000 pairs) datasets. Images with MA and noise and images without MA and noise were included. A training model was constructed to remove noise and MA. The model's ability to remove noise and MA was evaluated by the structural similarity index (SSIM) and peek signal to noise ratio (PSNR). The SSIM and PSNR between the ground-truth and output images were calculated (SSIMout, PSNRout), and the SSIM and PSNR between the ground-truth and input images were calculated (SSIMinp, PSNRinp). The ratio of SSIMinp to SSIMout was then evaluated as the improvement ratio of SSIM (IMPRs) and the ratio of PSNRinp to PSNRout as the improvement ratio of PSNR (IMPRp). In addition, 10 radio technologists performed visual evaluation. The SSIMout were >0.95 and 33 dB, respectively, for T1W, T2W, and FLAIR images with different contrasts. The mean value of SSIMinp was 0.72. Noise and MA removal effects were observed in images, with an average value of 72 dB. Visual evaluation revealed that the reduction effect in the output image was higher than that observed in the input image. The method proposed herein, which uses separate training models for the T1W, T2W, and FLAIR sequences, is a valuable approach for removing MA and noise, independent of the imaging direction and artifact orientation. An improvement in image quality was achieved by generating a large amount of training data through simulation.